ROME

Your Daily dose of Rome in no particular order. People, events, places, quotes, battles etc. Except for Sundays. (Sats received will be spend on nostr)

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Last Notes

2025-04-08 07:53:37

GM frens.

2025-04-07 22:36:19

DESECRATION
“In the meantime, the most eminent persons in Rome were put to death on false accusations. Even Scaevola, the pontifex maximus, who had the highest reputation amongst the citizens, came to an unworthy end. The Romans were fortunate only in one thing, that this venerable priest did not withdraw into the most sacred precinct {the temple of Vesta}. For the cruelty of the murderers was such, that they would have laid him upon the very altar, and cut his throat there, so that by his own blood he would have extinguished that fire, which religious devotion has ceaselessly kept burning ever since ancient times.”
Diodorus Siculus
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2025-04-04 02:59:18

The heroic age.
Late bronze age.
Hector vs Achilles
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2025-04-04 00:33:48

300 followers, bots included. I appreciate it frens! 🟣🟠
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2025-03-25 20:43:54

ROMAN HASMONEAN ALLIANCE
“Good success be to the Romans, and to the people of the Jews, by sea and by land for ever: the sword also and enemy be far from them.
If there come first any war upon the Romans or any of their confederates throughout all their dominion,
the people of the Jews shall help them, as the time shall be appointed, with all their heart:
neither shall they give any thing unto them that make war upon them, or aid them with victuals, weapons, money, or ships, as it hath seemed good unto the Romans; but they shall keep their covenants without taking any thing therefore.
Likewise also, if war come first upon the nation of the Jews, the Romans shall help them earnestly, as the time shall be appointed:
neither shall they give any thing unto them that make war upon them, or aid them with victuals, weapons, money, or ships, as it hath seemed good unto the Jews; but they shall keep their covenants without taking any thing therefore.
And according to these articles have the Romans made a covenant with the people of the Jews.
If hereafter the one party or the other shall think meet to add or diminish any thing, they may do it at their pleasures, and whatsoever they shall add or take away shall be ratified.”
First Maccabees 8:23-30
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2025-03-23 23:53:54

THE KINGDOM OF PERGAMON
The Kingdom of Pergamon, located in modern-day Turkey, had a complex and intertwined history with the Roman Republic.
Initially, both powers found common ground in their opposition to the Seleucid Empire. This shared enemy fostered an alliance, with Pergamon providing crucial military support to Rome in their wars against Macedon and the Seleucids. In recognition of their loyalty, Rome rewarded Pergamon with significant territorial gains in Asia Minor.
However, as Rome's power grew, their relationship with Pergamon shifted. Suspicious of any potential rivals, Rome began to view Pergamon with increasing wariness. This culminated in the last Attalid king, Attalus III, unexpectedly bequeathing Pergamon to Rome in his will. While seemingly beneficial to Pergamon, this act ultimately marked the end of its independence.
Pergamon became the capital of the Roman province of Asia, solidifying Roman control over the region. Despite Roman rule, Pergamon retained its cultural significance, continuing to be a center of learning and artistic production, attracting scholars and artists from across the Roman Empire.
The relationship between Pergamon and Rome was a complex one, marked by both cooperation and competition. Pergamon's strategic location and military support were crucial factors in Rome's rise to power in the eastern Mediterranean. While it lost its independence, Pergamon continued to thrive as a cultural and economic center under Roman rule.
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2025-03-21 21:44:09

THE GLADIATOR EMPEROR
Commodus, the Roman Emperor from 180 to 192 AD, was known for his eccentric and often brutal behavior. One of his most notorious acts was his frequent participation in gladiatorial combat in the Colosseum.
He actually entered the arena and fought against other gladiators, often against heavily disadvantaged opponents or wild animals. It's believed that many of his "victories" were staged, with opponents deliberately surrendering or being weakened beforehand. This behavior was likely a combination of a desire for public approval, a twisted sense of self-aggrandizement, and perhaps even a genuine interest in the brutality of the games. This obsession with gladiatorial combat likely contributed to the decline of his reign and ultimately led to his assassination.
The extent of Commodus's actual skill and the true nature of his gladiatorial contests are debated among historians.
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2025-03-21 10:52:26

When Rome was founded from the Christian perspective.
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2025-03-17 15:30:46

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Not really. She can be reasoned with.

2025-03-17 02:51:16

BATTLE OF ABRITUS 251 AD
In the year 251 AD, the mighty Roman Empire, once the unchallenged master of the known world, found itself facing a formidable threat from the north. A coalition of fierce Gothic tribes, led by the cunning Cniva, had crossed the Danube River, eager to plunder the riches of the Roman provinces.
Emperor Decius, a man of courage and determination, rallied his legions to meet the invaders. The two armies clashed near the town of Abritus, in what is now modern-day Bulgaria. The initial clash was a fierce struggle, with Roman swords and spears clashing against Gothic axes and bows. The Roman legions, known for their discipline and unwavering loyalty, seemed to hold their own against the barbarian horde.
However, the Goths had a cunning plan. They feigned retreat, luring the Romans into a deadly trap. As the Roman soldiers pursued their enemies, the Goths turned and counterattacked with renewed vigor. The Romans, caught off guard and spread out in pursuit, were overwhelmed by the sheer force of the Gothic onslaught.
The battle turned into a bloody massacre. The once-proud Roman legions were cut down in droves, their armor and shields offering little protection against the relentless onslaught. Emperor Decius himself, along with his son Herennius Etruscus, perished in the chaos of the battle.
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2025-03-11 22:30:15

GERMANICUS
Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was a prominent Roman general and politician, best known for his campaigns against Arminius in Germania. He was the son of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia the Younger, and a member of the influential Julio-Claudian dynasty.
In 9 BC, he was awarded the agnomen Germanicus, meaning "the Germanic one" or "the conqueror of the Germans," in honor of his father's victories in Germania. In AD 4, he was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, who later became Roman emperor.
Germanicus led successful campaigns against the Germanic tribes, including the Battle of Idistaviso and the Battle of the Angrivarian Wall in 16 AD. However, his popularity and military successes made him a potential threat to Tiberius, who eventually ordered his recall to Rome.
Germanicus died under mysterious circumstances in Antioch in 19 AD, leading to suspicions of poisoning. His death was widely mourned by the Roman people, who saw him as a symbol of hope and a potential savior.
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2025-03-06 23:13:58

THE 12 TABLES
The Twelve Tables were a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE. This significant milestone in the development of Roman law provided a foundation for future legal systems.
Publicly displayed in the Roman Forum, these laws were accessible to all citizens. They encompassed a wide range of legal topics, including family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and procedural law.
By codifying the laws and making them public, the Twelve Tables helped to reduce the power of the patrician class and provided greater legal protection for the plebeian class. They also served as a basis for the development of Roman civil law, which later influenced legal systems across Europe and beyond.
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2025-02-26 09:29:08

GM, fellow Romans. Which vassal state would you like us to turn into a province today? Canada ?
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2025-02-25 18:36:18

Let the 🥬 🙌 punch it down another 20,000. idc.
Only strong hands deserve strong money.
Show me your grip strength and I show you how many sats you have.
Live 🆓

2025-02-25 17:06:08

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Soft fork
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2025-02-25 16:18:23

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I feel nothing 😐😭

2025-02-25 12:42:34

“There is no spoon.”
Cicero
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2025-02-24 23:33:15

GN.
🟣N oricum
🟣O sroene
🟣S yria
🟣T hrace
🟣R aetia
🟠B ithynia
🟠I llyricum
🟠T res alpes
🟠C appadocia
🟠O stia antica
🟠I machara
🟠N ola

2025-02-24 21:32:48

THE SECOND SAMNITE WAR
The year was 326 BC. Rome, a burgeoning power, was hungry for expansion. The Samnites, fierce warriors from the Apennine Mountains, stood in their way. This clash of wills ignited the Second Samnite War, a conflict that would test the limits of both nations.
The spark that ignited the war was Rome's audacious move to establish a colony at Fregellae, deep within Samnite territory. This blatant encroachment on Samnite lands was a red flag, igniting a fury that would consume both sides for over two decades.
The war's early stages were marked by a series of skirmishes and battles, each side testing the other's strength. However, the tide turned dramatically in 321 BC at the infamous Caudine Forks. A Roman army, trapped in a narrow defile, was forced to surrender to the Samnites on humiliating terms. The Roman soldiers, stripped of their armor and marched under the yoke, suffered a bitter defeat that shook the Republic to its core.
Rome, however, was not a nation to be easily defeated. The humiliation of Caudine Forks spurred the Romans to reform their military and strengthen their resolve. Under the leadership of skilled commanders like Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus, they learned from their mistakes and developed new tactics and strategies.
The war dragged on, marked by fierce battles and shifting fortunes. The Samnites, though formidable, could not withstand the relentless pressure of the Roman war machine. The Romans, with their superior organization and discipline, gradually gained the upper hand.
Key battles like Lautulae, where the Romans suffered a significant defeat, tested their resilience. But the Romans persevered, learning from their mistakes and adapting their strategies. The war became a brutal struggle for supremacy, fought in the rugged mountains and fertile valleys of central Italy.
Finally, in 304 BC, the Samnites, exhausted and defeated, were forced to sue for peace. Rome emerged victorious, its power and prestige significantly enhanced. The Second Samnite War had been a grueling ordeal, but it had forged the Roman Republic into a formidable military power, laying the foundation for its future conquests across the Mediterranean.
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2025-02-20 00:17:09

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Whats with chicken?! 😂

2025-02-20 00:08:08

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Nice. I think it’s worth it. Enjoy.

2025-02-19 23:49:52

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Listen to “Jordan Peterson biblical series” 15 episodes in chronological order on YouTube and this question and these kind of questions make much more sense. It’s like 40 hours listening but will change the way you look at the world. Thank me later. I mean zap me later 😂

2025-02-19 00:10:32

GN frens
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2025-02-18 22:22:24

I u didn’t get a zap after following in the last few days, my mistake. I thougt if i zapped a reposted post on your profile that that zap was for you.
You can comment beneath a post of mine and i zap the comment. Or message me if u feel wrongly treated and i zap your profile.

2025-02-14 22:12:15

ROMAN CAMPS
Here's a breakdown of the steps involved in building a Roman legionary camp:
1. Site Selection:
* Open Terrain: The site should be flat and open, offering a clear view of the surrounding area.
* Water Source: A reliable water source is essential, preferably within a reasonable distance.
* Defensive Position: The camp should be located on slightly higher ground for a defensive advantage.
* Distance from Enemy: If facing an enemy, the camp should be far enough to avoid surprise attacks.
2. Layout Planning:
* Square or Rectangular: The standard layout was a square or rectangle, divided into sections for different units.
* Central Area: A central area was reserved for the commander's tent and other important structures.
* Perimeter: The perimeter was marked out, typically with a ditch and a rampart.
* Gates: Four gates were usually placed on each side of the camp, often named after the cardinal directions.
3. Construction:
* Ditch: A ditch was dug around the perimeter, using the excavated earth to create a rampart.
* Rampart: The rampart was further reinforced with wooden palisades or stakes.
* Gates: The gates were fortified with strong wooden structures and sometimes additional defenses like towers.
* Internal Roads: Roads were constructed within the camp for movement and access to different sections.
* Tents: Each unit had a designated area for their tents, arranged in rows.
* Other Structures: Depending on the duration of the stay, additional structures might be built, such as a latrine, a mess hall, or a storehouse.
4. Defense and Security:
* Sentry Duty: Soldiers were assigned to guard duty, patrolling the perimeter and manning the gates.
* Watchtowers: Watchtowers might be constructed on the rampart for better visibility.
* Emergency Procedures: Plans were in place for responding to attacks or other emergencies.
5. Additional Considerations:
* Time: The construction time depended on the urgency and the number of troops available. A well-trained legion could build a camp in a few hours.
* Materials: Materials were sourced locally, including wood for palisades and earth for the rampart.
* Flexibility: The design could be adapted based on the specific circumstances, such as the terrain or the threat level.
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2025-02-13 22:38:57

GN Nostriches. Stay humble zap Sats. ⚡️
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2025-02-10 23:30:18

TACITUS’ GERMANIA. A PASSAGE
A Glimpse into Germanic Culture from Tacitus' Germania
"They have no written laws, and conduct their affairs by tradition and custom. When a crime is committed, the penalty is fixed, not by a magistrate, but by the kinsmen of the injured party. The satisfaction demanded is paid in cattle. The general penalty for murder is a certain number of cattle or slaves.
The fines for other offenses are graded according to the injury inflicted. The satisfaction accepted by the kinsmen reconciles the public peace.
They believe that divine power is present in groves and forests, and they pay reverence to certain trees. They also practice divination by means of lot, which they do in a simple manner. They cut a branch from a fruit-bearing tree and divide it into small pieces. These they mark with various signs and scatter them haphazardly on a white cloth. Then, having invoked the gods and asked a question, they pick up three pieces at random. The interpretation of these pieces, according to a prearranged system, indicates the divine will."
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2025-02-08 17:53:41

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Poseidonia

2025-02-08 13:10:57

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What kind is it, what is their name

2025-02-07 00:43:38

FALL OF CIVILIZATIONS.
EPISODE 17. CARTHAGE,
EMPIRE OF THE PHOENICIANS
3,5 hour podcast by Paul Cooper. Very good storyteller.
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2025-02-04 23:27:42

NOTES AND OTHER STUFF TRANSMITTED BY ROMANS ✅

2025-01-31 23:13:18

GAIUS MARIUS
Gaius Marius, a man of humble origins, rose to become one of Rome's most celebrated and controversial figures. Born in a small Italian town, he possessed a keen military mind and an indomitable spirit. His rise to prominence began during the Jugurthine War, where he proved himself a brilliant strategist, outmaneuvering the cunning Numidian king, Jugurtha.
However, it was his revolutionary military reforms that truly etched his name in history. Marius recognized that Rome's traditional army, composed of wealthy landowners, was inadequate to face the growing threats on its borders. He broke with tradition, opening the ranks of the legions to the poor and landless. By offering pay and land to recruits, he created a professional army fiercely loyal to him.
This new legionary force proved its worth in the face of the most formidable challenge Rome had ever encountered: the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones, Germanic tribes that had swept across Europe, devastating armies in their path. Marius, now a seasoned commander, led his legions to victory in a series of decisive battles, securing Rome's northern frontier.
His military triumphs propelled him to the pinnacle of Roman politics. He was elected consul seven times, a record unmatched in Roman history. Yet, his ambition and ruthlessness sowed the seeds of his downfall. He formed an alliance with the charismatic general Sulla, but their rivalry eventually erupted into a devastating civil war.
Marius, old and frail, was forced into exile. But he returned, determined to reclaim his power. With the help of his supporters, he seized control of Rome, plunging the city into a bloody reign of terror. However, his victory was short-lived. Sulla, having returned from his Eastern campaigns, marched on Rome, forcing Marius to flee once more.
Marius died shortly after, his legacy forever intertwined with both glory and infamy. His military reforms transformed the Roman army, shaping the course of Roman history.
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2025-01-23 23:04:59

AFTER ROME:
The Early Middle Ages, 284-
-1000 with Paul Freedman
YouTube playlist, 22 lectures, about 45 minutes each.
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL77A337915A76F660&feature=shared
Thank me later, frens!
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2025-01-21 02:59:25

AUGUSTUS
Octavianus, later known as Augustus, was the first Roman emperor and one of the most significant figures in Roman history.
Early Life and Rise to Power:
* Born Gaius Octavius in 63 BC into a wealthy equestrian family.
* At 19, he was named heir to his great-uncle, Julius Caesar.
* After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, Octavian formed a political alliance with Mark Antony and Lepidus, known as the Second Triumvirate.
* The Triumvirate fought against Caesar's assassins and other political rivals, consolidating their power.
The Rise of the Roman Empire:
* Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, securing his dominance.
* In 27 BC, the Senate bestowed upon him the title of "Augustus," marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* Augustus established a stable and prosperous era known as the Pax Romana ("Roman Peace").
* He reformed the Roman government, military, and legal system, centralizing power and creating a more efficient administration.
* Augustus oversaw significant public works projects, including the expansion of the Roman road network and the construction of public buildings.
* Augustus' reign marked a turning point in Roman history, transitioning from a republic to an empire.
* He is credited with restoring order and stability to Rome after a century of civil war.
* His policies and reforms laid the foundation for centuries of Roman peace and prosperity.
* Augustus' reign is often considered the golden age of the Roman Empire.
* Octavian is the name he was known by during his early years.
* He later adopted the name Augustus, which became his official title and is how he is most commonly referred to today.
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2025-01-14 07:48:35

GLADIUS
The gladius was the primary sword used by Roman legionaries for centuries. It was a short, double-edged sword designed for thrusting rather than slashing. This design was effective in close-quarters combat, which was the preferred fighting style of the Roman legions.
The gladius evolved over time, with different types being used at various points in Roman history. Some of the most notable types include:
* Gladius Hispaniensis: This was the earliest type of gladius adopted by the Romans. It was a short, leaf-shaped blade with a pointed tip.
* Mainz Gladius: This type of gladius was longer and heavier than the Hispaniensis. It had a fuller (a groove running along the length of the blade) to reduce weight and improve balance.
* Pompeii Gladius: This was a later type of gladius that was similar to the Mainz Gladius but with a slightly shorter blade.
The gladius was a highly effective weapon and played a significant role in the Roman military's success. It was eventually replaced by other sword types, but it remains an iconic symbol of the Roman Empire.
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2025-01-13 08:56:08

ROMAN NUMERALS
Roman numerals are a numeral system developed in ancient Rome. It uses a combination of letters from the Latin alphabet to represent numbers.
The seven basic symbols are:
* I = 1
* V = 5
* X = 10
* L = 50
* C = 100
* D = 500
* M = 1000
To represent numbers, these symbols are combined using addition and subtraction.
For example:
* II = 2 (1+1)
* IV = 4 (5-1)
* IX = 9 (10-1)
* XI = 11 (10+1)
* XIX = 19 (10+(10-1))
* XX = 20 (10+10)
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2025-01-11 08:03:31

CLEOPATRA PHILOPATOR
Cleopatra VII Philopator was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. She was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a Greek royal family that ruled Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great.
Cleopatra was a brilliant strategist and a captivating figure. She used her intelligence, charm, and political skills to navigate the complex political landscape of her time. She formed alliances with powerful Roman leaders, including Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, to secure her rule over Egypt.
Her relationship with Julius Caesar led to the birth of a son, Caesarion, whom she claimed was the rightful heir to the Roman throne. After Caesar's assassination, Cleopatra turned to Mark Antony, with whom she had three children.
Ultimately, Cleopatra's alliance with Rome proved to be her downfall. After the decisive Battle of Actium in 31 BC, where the combined forces of Cleopatra and Mark Antony were defeated by Octavian (later Augustus Caesar), Cleopatra and Mark Antony committed suicide.
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2025-01-10 17:35:48

OSTIA
Ostia Antica, the ancient port city of Rome, was a bustling hub of commerce and culture during the Roman Empire. Located at the mouth of the Tiber River, it served as the gateway to Rome, receiving goods from all corners of the Mediterranean world.
The city was a marvel of Roman engineering, with extensive warehouses, markets, and public buildings. Its well-preserved ruins offer a glimpse into daily life in ancient Rome, showcasing everything from grand temples to humble taverns. Visitors can explore the city's intricate network of streets, admire its beautiful mosaics, and wander through its ancient shops.
Unfortunately, over time, the port silted up, and the city's importance declined. Today, Ostia Antica is a fascinating archaeological site, offering a unique opportunity to step back in time and experience the grandeur of ancient Rome.
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2025-01-09 06:44:57

HADRIAN’S WALL
Emperor Hadrian visited Britain in 122 AD and decided to build a wall across the narrowest part of the island. This wall, stretching from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth, was designed to mark the northern frontier of the Roman Empire and to protect against the tribes living north of the wall.
The wall was a massive undertaking, requiring the labor of thousands of soldiers and civilians. It was constructed using stone and mortar, and was fortified with forts, milecastles, and turrets. Soldiers were stationed along the wall to patrol and defend the border.
While the wall served its purpose for several centuries, the Roman Empire eventually withdrew from Britain in the 5th century AD.
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2025-01-08 18:47:23

The time to be able to buy 1000 sats for €1,- Will soon come to an end.
Julius Caesar
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2025-01-08 08:32:33

THE SAMNITE WARS
The Samnite Wars were a series of conflicts between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, a powerful Italic people. These wars were crucial for Rome's expansion and dominance in Italy.
The First Samnite War was fought over Capua, a Roman ally. Rome emerged victorious, establishing its supremacy. The Second Samnite War was the most brutal, with the Samnites initially gaining the upper hand. However, Rome eventually triumphed, led by generals like Manius Curius Dentatus. The Third Samnite War was the final attempt by the Samnites to regain independence, but Rome decisively defeated them.
The Samnite Wars significantly shaped Rome's military and political development. They forged Rome's military strength, honed its strategic abilities, and consolidated its power over Italy.
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2025-01-07 07:21:54

NABATEA
The Nabataean Kingdom and the Roman Empire had a complex relationship, marked by both cooperation and tension.
Early Relations:
* Trade and Diplomacy: The Nabataeans, skilled traders and desert nomads, established a lucrative trade network, particularly in spices and incense. They maintained diplomatic relations with Rome, recognizing the growing power of the Roman Empire.
* Mutual Respect: The Romans respected the Nabataeans' military prowess and their control over vital trade routes. This mutual respect led to a period of peaceful coexistence.
Roman Influence and Annexation:
* Client Kingdom: As the Roman Empire expanded, the Nabataeans became a client kingdom, maintaining their independence but acknowledging Roman overlordship.
* Cultural Exchange: Roman culture and influence began to permeate Nabataean society, particularly in urban centers like Petra.
* Annexation: In 106 AD, under the reign of Emperor Trajan, the Nabataean Kingdom was formally annexed by the Roman Empire. The region was incorporated into the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.
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2025-01-06 11:49:04

DIOCLETIAN
Diocletian was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 284 to 305 AD. He is considered one of the most significant emperors in Roman history, known for his reforms and efforts to stabilize the declining Roman Empire.
* Tetrarchy: Diocletian introduced a system of government called the Tetrarchy, which divided the Roman Empire into four regions, each ruled by a co-emperor (Augustus) and a junior emperor (Caesar). This system aimed to provide more efficient governance and strengthen the empire's defenses.
* Administrative Reforms: He implemented significant administrative reforms, including the reorganization of the Roman bureaucracy and the establishment of a more centralized government.
* Economic Reforms: Diocletian introduced price controls and economic regulations to address inflation and stabilize the economy.
* Military Reforms: He reformed the Roman army, increasing its size and improving its organization and discipline.
* Persecution of Christians: Diocletian is infamous for initiating the Great Persecution of Christians, one of the most severe periods of persecution in early Christian history.
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2025-01-04 00:34:42

ROMAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Ancient Rome had a complex social structure, with the two main classes being:
1. Patricians:
* Wealthy, aristocratic families who held most of the political and social power.
* They were often landowners, politicians, and military leaders.
* Patricians had exclusive rights to hold high offices and religious positions.
2. Plebeians:
* Common people who made up the majority of the population.
* They included farmers, artisans, merchants, and laborers.
* Initially, plebeians had limited political rights, but over time, they gained more influence and eventually achieved equality with the patricians.
Other social groups included:
* Equestrians: Wealthy businessmen and landowners who ranked below the patricians but above the plebeians.
* Freedmen: Former slaves who had been granted freedom.
* Slaves: People who were considered property and had no rights.
It's important to note that while the social structure was hierarchical, it wasn't entirely rigid. There was some degree of social mobility, particularly during the later periods of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
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2025-01-03 18:58:29

WINE
The Romans had a deep and profound relationship with wine. It was an integral part of their daily life, culture, and economy.
Wine as a Staple:
* Daily Drink: Wine was not just a luxury but a common beverage consumed by people of all social classes. It was often diluted with water to make it less potent.
* Dietary Staple: Wine was considered essential for digestion and health. It was often mixed with herbs and spices to create medicinal concoctions.
Wine and Culture:
* Religious Rituals: Wine played a significant role in Roman religious ceremonies. It was offered to the gods as a libation and used in sacrificial rituals.
* Social Gatherings: Wine was the lifeblood of Roman social gatherings, from intimate dinners to lavish banquets. It was believed to loosen tongues and encourage conversation.
* Symbol of Wealth and Status: The quality and quantity of wine consumed was a symbol of social status. The wealthy could afford to drink the finest wines, while the poor were limited to cheaper, lower-quality varieties.
Wine Production and Trade:
* Viticulture: The Romans were skilled winemakers, and they introduced viticulture to many regions of their empire. They developed techniques for pruning, grafting, and harvesting grapes.
* Trade: Wine was a valuable commodity, and the Romans traded wine throughout their empire. Italian wines, particularly those from Campania and Tuscany, were highly prized.
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2025-01-02 17:20:58

THE BATAVI
a Germanic tribe inhabiting the Rhine delta (modern-day Netherlands), were highly regarded by the Romans as exceptional warriors and were often recruited as auxiliaries in the Roman army. They were known for their bravery, discipline, and unique fighting style, which often involved swimming across rivers in full armor.
The Batavi served in various capacities within the Roman army. They were part of the Emperor's elite Germanic bodyguard, providing personal protection to Roman emperors from Augustus to Galba. They also served in cavalry units and infantry cohorts, participating in numerous Roman campaigns, including the invasion of Britain in 43 AD.
The Batavi's loyalty and military prowess were highly valued by the Romans. However, their close relationship with the Empire also led to tensions and, ultimately, the Batavian Revolt of 69-70 AD, a significant uprising against Roman rule. Despite this rebellion, the Batavi continued to be recognized as formidable warriors and remained an important part of the Roman military for centuries.
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2025-01-01 10:43:34

MARCUS VIPSANIUS AGRIPPA
was a brilliant Roman general, statesman, and architect who played a key role in the rise of the Roman Empire. He was a close friend and right-hand man to Augustus Caesar.
Agrippa was a skilled military leader, winning crucial battles like Actium, which helped secure Augustus' power. He also excelled as an administrator and diplomat, managing various provinces and territories.
He was a visionary architect and urban planner, responsible for major projects like the Pantheon and the expansion of Rome's aqueduct system.
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2024-12-31 10:12:58

JUNO
Juno, the Roman goddess, was a figure of great importance and reverence. Often equated with the Greek goddess Hera, she held a prominent position in the Roman pantheon.
Key Roles and Attributes:
* Queen of the Gods: As the wife of Jupiter, the king of the gods, Juno held the title of Queen of the Gods.
* Goddess of Marriage and Women: She was the patroness of marriage and childbirth, watching over women throughout their lives.
* Protector of Rome: Juno was considered a protector of Rome and its people, often invoked for blessings and protection.
* Symbol of Fidelity and Maternal Love: She embodied the ideals of a faithful wife and a loving mother.
* Associated with the Moon: Juno was often linked to the moon, symbolizing cycles of life and renewal.
Symbolism and Imagery:
* Peacock: The peacock was sacred to Juno, representing beauty, immortality, and the cyclical nature of life.
* Diadem: She was often depicted wearing a diadem, a jeweled headband worn by royalty and deities.
* Throne: As the queen of the gods, Juno was frequently shown seated on a throne, symbolizing her power and authority.
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2024-12-30 11:14:36

THE 10TH LEGION
Legio X Equestris:
* One of Julius Caesar's most trusted legions.
* Fought alongside Caesar in his Gallic Wars and other campaigns.
* Disbanded after Caesar's assassination.
* Later reformed and fought for Mark Antony and Octavian.
* Eventually disbanded again.
Legio X Fretensis:
* Formed by Octavian (later Augustus) in 41/40 BC.
* Fought against Sextus Pompey in the Battle of Naulochus, earning its cognomen "Fretensis" (of the Strait).
* Participated in the Battle of Actium against Mark Antony.
* Played a significant role in the Roman-Jewish Wars, including the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD.
* Remained active well into the 4th century AD, primarily stationed in the Eastern Roman Empire.
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2024-12-28 11:49:56

SIEGE TOWERS
Roman siege towers were a crucial tool in their arsenal of siege warfare.
Key features:
* Size and Structure: Siege towers were often multi-story structures, their height matching or exceeding the height of the city walls. They were typically built on a wooden framework, covered with protective materials like animal hides or iron plates.
* Mobility: Siege towers were mounted on wheels, enabling them to be moved closer to the city walls.
* Ramps and Platforms: Ramps or bridges were extended from the tower to allow soldiers to quickly ascend and engage the defenders on the walls.
* Defensive Capabilities: Some siege towers were equipped with defensive features like arrow slits or even small ballistae to repel enemy attacks.
* Battering Ram: In some cases, a battering ram was integrated into the base of the tower, allowing it to breach city gates or walls.
Tactics and Usage:
* Overwhelming the Defenders: By bringing soldiers closer to the walls under the protection of the tower, the Romans could overwhelm defenders with numbers and firepower.
* Protecting Assault Forces: The tower shielded soldiers from projectiles and missiles thrown from the city walls.
* Psychological Warfare: The sheer size and imposing nature of siege towers could demoralize defenders, making them more susceptible to surrender.
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2024-12-27 15:02:32

ROMAN TAXES
Early Roman Republic:
* Land Tax (Tributum): Primarily levied on land, it was a significant source of revenue during the early Republic.
* Poll Tax (Capitis): A personal tax levied on individuals, regardless of their wealth or property.
* Customs Duties: Taxes on imported and exported goods.
Later Roman Republic and Empire:
* Direct Taxes:
* Land Tax: Continued to be a major source of revenue, but its administration became more sophisticated.
* Wealth Tax: A tax on personal wealth, introduced during the reign of Augustus.
* Inheritance Tax: A tax on inherited property.
* Indirect Taxes:
* Sales Tax: A tax on the sale of goods and services.
* Customs Duties: Expanded to include a wider range of goods and higher rates.
* Excise Taxes: Taxes on specific goods like wine and oil.
Tax Collection Methods:
* Publicans: Private tax collectors who contracted with the Roman government to collect taxes. They were often criticized for their harsh methods and corruption.
* Direct Collection: In some cases, taxes were collected directly by Roman officials.
* In-Kind Payments: Some taxes, particularly in provinces, were paid in kind, such as agricultural products or livestock.
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2024-12-26 23:14:08

THE MITHRADATIC WARS
The Mithridatic Wars were a series of three conflicts fought between the Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Pontus, led by the formidable Mithridates VI Eupator, between 88 and 63 BCE.
* First Mithridatic War (88-85 BCE): Mithridates seized large parts of Asia Minor and Greece, but was eventually defeated by Roman forces led by Sulla.
* Second Mithridatic War (83-81 BCE): A brief conflict triggered by Roman aggression, it ended inconclusively.
* Third Mithridatic War (73-63 BCE): The longest and most decisive war, it saw Roman generals Lucullus and Pompey gradually erode Pontic power. Mithridates was eventually defeated and forced to commit suicide.
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2024-12-26 11:24:10

ROMAN TUNIC
The Roman tunic was a fundamental garment worn by both men and women in ancient Rome. It was a simple, rectangular piece of cloth, typically made of linen or wool, that was sewn into a tubular shape with openings for the head and arms.
Key features of the Roman tunic:
* Sleeves: Tunics could be sleeveless, short-sleeved, or long-sleeved, depending on the wearer's status, gender, and the occasion.
* Length: Men's tunics were generally shorter, reaching to the knees or mid-thigh, while women's tunics were longer, often reaching to the ankles.
* Clavi: Wealthy Roman men often wore tunics with clavi, vertical stripes of purple or red wool that ran down the front of the garment, indicating their social status.
Different types of tunics:
* Tunica: The basic, everyday tunic worn by most people.
* Tunica manicata: A tunic with long sleeves, often worn by women and higher-status men.
* Stola: A long, loose-fitting tunic worn by Roman women over a shorter tunic.
The tunic was a versatile garment that could be worn for a variety of occasions, from everyday activities to formal events. It was a symbol of Roman identity and culture, and its style and decoration could reveal information about the wearer's social status, gender, and occupation.
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2024-12-25 10:06:33

NEW TESTAMENT CENSUS
And it came to pass in those days that a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered.
This census first took place while Quirinius was governing Syria. So all went to be registered, everyone to his own city.
Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child.
Luke 2. 1-5 NKJV
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