Martin Stolze [ARCHIVE] / is on Nostr

⚠️ This account is not associated with a real person. It's an archival account for mailing list messages.
🗓️ Active from 2017-03-20 to 2017-03-29
💬 Posted a total of 9 messages
📚 Participated in the following categories: bitcoin-dev
🔇 Please do not DM this user as it's used for archive purposes only.

Last Notes

2023-06-07 17:57:33

- reply

📅 Original date posted:2017-03-27
📝 Original message:> [...] we don't need to implement any kind of special bloated transaction that is only mine-able by some explicit set of miners... No fork or compatibility problems are necessary, can be completely implemented as an added feature.
Yes, absolutely. It would still be helpful if it is somewhat
standardized on the Client level.
> Re: "Miners": I don't really like calling them "transaction processors" because in bitcoin, every synchronizing node that verifies signatures is a transaction processor.
I agree and I really appreciate the explanation! Transaction Processor
is not optimal, I brought up BSA: Block Space Authority before to
slice the pie in terms of it legitimate power structure instead of its
functionality. I maintain that this is better for higher level
discourse. Maybe something like "Consensus Space Sovereign" would be
more suitable.
> What sets them apart from full relay nodes is they create "blocks", which are "ledger change candidates" that included transactions and proof-of-work (PoW: deterministic diffusion puzzle solutions).
Functionally, a node can moderate the network in the following way:
1. Relay transactions (mempool) and the global memory (blockchain)
2. Construct block headers (PoW: deterministic diffusion puzzle
solutions) and write to the global memory (create "blocks", which are
"ledger change candidates")
3. Read, verify and accept changes to the global memory
> Given the above definition of a "block", I would be happy calling them "Block Producers"... which does not imply that they do all of the necessary "transaction processing": that all users should be fine with running Electrum wallets or even SPV clients. They produce blocks, but its still up to other users in the network to do "transaction processing": decide for themselves if they want to accept particular blocks.
"Block Generator" (ala Satoshi) may be better but let's look at the
power structure analog to the functionality:
1. Authority to propose a change
2. Authority to approve a change
3. Authority to reject a change
This can easily be understood in current political terms. In Spain a:
1. Citizen can propose to engage in a business (voice)
2. (Special) Citizen (the King) can disapprove of the business (sovereign)
3. Citizen can leave Spain (exit)
Likewise, citizens can engage with the sovereign in order to change
some regulation, say average transaction tax. The question is simply
what legitimate authority a node has. We can map that quite neatly
onto the terminology of 'Politics'.
That does also away with naive 51% attack scenarios and the like. They
are akin to aliens invading earth. Surely it is not impossible that
aliens invade and in Bitcoin land, it is currently conceivable, but
most conflicts are not brought about by a single devilish aggressor
but a special interest group that wants to concentrate benefits and
diffuse costs.
- Transaction Tiering could be a great basis for decentralized negotiations.
Regards
Martin
On Sat, Mar 25, 2017 at 10:30 PM, praxeology_guy
<praxeology_guy at protonmail.com> wrote:
> Martin:
>
> Re: Miners not relaying unconfirmed txs... I was saying that this was a
> good thing from your perspective in wanting to give users the choice on
> which miners would get to confirm the tx. So then like we don't need to
> implement any kind of special bloated transaction that is only mine-able by
> some explicit set of miners... No fork or compatibility problems are
> necessary, can be completely implemented as an added feature.
>
> Re: "Miners": I don't really like calling them "transaction processors"
> because in bitcoin, every synchronizing node that verifies signatures is a
> transaction processor. What sets them apart from full relay nodes is they
> create "blocks", which are "ledger change candidates" that included
> transactions and proof-of-work (PoW: deterministic diffusion puzzle
> solutions). They help create confidence that transactions in blocks will
> never by double spent by requiring that double spending would need lots of
> economic resources for someone else to re-perform the PoW.
>
> Given the above definition of a "block", I would be happy calling them
> "Block Producers"... which does not imply that they do all of the necessary
> "transaction processing": that all users should be fine with running
> Electrum wallets or even SPV clients. They produce blocks, but its still up
> to other users in the network to do "transaction processing": decide for
> themselves if they want to accept particular blocks.
>
> Cheers,
> Praxeology Guy
>
> -------- Original Message --------
> Subject: Re: [bitcoin-dev] Inquiry: Transaction Tiering
> Local Time: March 25, 2017 12:15 PM
> UTC Time: March 25, 2017 5:15 PM
> From: martin at stolze.cc
> To: praxeology_guy <praxeology_guy at protonmail.com>
> bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
>
> Thanks, those are valid concerns.
>
>> Potentially miners could create their own private communication
>> channel/listening port for submitting transactions that they would not relay
>> to other miners/the public node relay network.
> That is the idea. Transaction Processors could source transactions
> from the public mempool as well their proprietary mempool(s).
>
>> Miners would be incentivized to not relay higher fee transactions, because
>> they would want to keep them to themselves for higher profits.
> Not so, a user may want to incentivise a specific Transaction
> Processor or many. A user can detect this behavior and withdraw his
> future business if he notices that his transaction is not included in
> a block despite there being transactions with lower fees included.
> Remember, the transaction can be advertised to different mempools and
> a Transaction Processor could lose this business to a competitor who
> processes the next block if he holds it back.
>
> Best Regards
> Martin
>
> PS: It seems not too late to get rid of misleading terms like "miner".
> Block rewards (infrastructure subsidies) will be neglectable for
> future generations and the analogy is exceedingly poor.
>
> On Sat, Mar 25, 2017 at 4:42 AM, praxeology_guy
> <praxeology_guy at protonmail.com> wrote:
>> Potentially miners could create their own private communication
>> channel/listening port for submitting transactions that they would not
>> relay
>> to other miners/the public node relay network. Users could then chose who
>> they want to relay to. Miners would be incentivized to not relay higher
>> fee
>> transactions, because they would want to keep them to themselves for
>> higher
>> profits.
>>
>> Cheers,
>> Praxeology Guy
>>
>>
>> -------- Original Message --------
>> Subject: Re: [bitcoin-dev] Inquiry: Transaction Tiering
>> Local Time: March 22, 2017 12:48 PM
>> UTC Time: March 22, 2017 5:48 PM
>> From: bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
>> To: bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
>>
>> Hi Tim,
>> After writing this I figured that it was probably not evident at first
>> sight as the concept may be quite novel. The physical location of the
>> "miner" is indeed irrelevant, I am referring to the digital location.
>> Bitcoins blockchain is a digital location or better digital "space".
>> As far as I am concerned the authority lies with whoever governs this
>> particular block space. A "miner" can, or can not, include my
>> transaction.
>>
>> To make this more understandable:
>>
>> Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi can extend his caliphate into Bitcoins block
>> space and rule sovereign(!) over a given block. If he processes my
>> transaction my fee goes directly into the coffers of his organization.
>> The same goes for the Queen of England or the Emperor of China. My
>> interest is not necessarily aligned with each specific authority, yet
>> as you point out, I can only not use Bitcoin.
>> Alternatively, however, I can very well sign my transaction and send
>> it to an authority of my choosing to be included into the ledger, say
>> BitFurry. - This is what I describe in option 1.
>>
>> In order to protect my interest I do need to choose, maybe not today,
>> but eventually.
>>
>> I also think that people do care who processes transactions and a lot
>> of bickering could be spared if we could choose.
>>
>> If we assume a perfectly competitive market with 3 authorities that
>> govern the block space equally, the marginal cost of 1/3 of the block
>> space is the same for each, however, the marginal revenue absent of
>> block rewards is dependent on fees.
>> If people are willing to pay only a zero fee to a specific authority
>> while a fee greater than zero to the others it's clear that one would
>> be less competitive.
>>
>> Let us assume the fees are 10% of the revenue and the cost is 95 we
>> have currently the following situation:
>>
>> A: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
>> B: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
>> C: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
>>
>> With transaction tiering, the outcome could be different!
>>
>> A: Cost=95; Revenue=90; Loss=5 // BSA that does not respect user interest.
>> B: Cost=95; Revenue=105; Profit=10
>> C: Cost=95; Revenue=105; Profit=10
>>
>> This could motivate transaction processors to behave in accordance
>> with user interest, or am I missing something?
>>
>> Best Regards,
>> Martin
>>
>>> From: Tim Ruffing <tim.ruffing at mmci.uni-saarland.de>
>>> To: bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
>>> Cc:
>>> Bcc:
>>> Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2017 16:18:26 +0100
>>> Subject: Re: [bitcoin-dev] Inquiry: Transaction Tiering
>>> (I'm not a lawyer...)
>>>
>>> I'm not sure if I can make sense of your email.
>>>
>>> On Mon, 2017-03-20 at 20:12 +0000, Martin Stolze via bitcoin-dev wrote:
>>>> As a participant in the economy in general and of Bitcoin in
>>>> particular, I desire an ability to decide where I transact. The
>>>> current state of Bitcoin does not allow me to choose my place of
>>>> business. As a consequence, I try to learn what would be the best way
>>>> to conduct my business in good faith. [2]
>>>
>>> Ignoring the rest, I don't think that the physical location /
>>> jurisdiction of the miner has any legal implications for law applicable
>>> to the relationship between sender and receiver of a payment.
>>>
>>> This is not particular to Bitcoin. We're both in Germany (I guess).
>>> Assume we have a contract without specific agreements and I pay you in
>>> Icelandic kronur via PayPal (in Luxembourg) and my HTTPS requests to
>>> PayPal went via Australia and the US. Then German law applies to our
>>> contract, nothing in the middle can change that.
>>>
>>> Also ignoring possible security implications, there is just no need for
>>> a mechanism that enables users to select miners. I claim that almost
>>> nobody cares who will mine a transaction, because it makes no technical
>>> difference. If you don't want a specific miner to mine your
>>> transaction, then don't use Bitcoin.
>>>
>>> Tim
>> _______________________________________________
>> bitcoin-dev mailing list
>> bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
>> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
>>
>>
>
>

2023-06-07 17:57:30

- reply

📅 Original date posted:2017-03-25
📝 Original message:Thanks, those are valid concerns.
> Potentially miners could create their own private communication channel/listening port for submitting transactions that they would not relay to other miners/the public node relay network.
That is the idea. Transaction Processors could source transactions
from the public mempool as well their proprietary mempool(s).
> Miners would be incentivized to not relay higher fee transactions, because they would want to keep them to themselves for higher profits.
Not so, a user may want to incentivise a specific Transaction
Processor or many. A user can detect this behavior and withdraw his
future business if he notices that his transaction is not included in
a block despite there being transactions with lower fees included.
Remember, the transaction can be advertised to different mempools and
a Transaction Processor could lose this business to a competitor who
processes the next block if he holds it back.
Best Regards
Martin
PS: It seems not too late to get rid of misleading terms like "miner".
Block rewards (infrastructure subsidies) will be neglectable for
future generations and the analogy is exceedingly poor.
On Sat, Mar 25, 2017 at 4:42 AM, praxeology_guy
<praxeology_guy at protonmail.com> wrote:
> Potentially miners could create their own private communication
> channel/listening port for submitting transactions that they would not relay
> to other miners/the public node relay network. Users could then chose who
> they want to relay to. Miners would be incentivized to not relay higher fee
> transactions, because they would want to keep them to themselves for higher
> profits.
>
> Cheers,
> Praxeology Guy
>
>
> -------- Original Message --------
> Subject: Re: [bitcoin-dev] Inquiry: Transaction Tiering
> Local Time: March 22, 2017 12:48 PM
> UTC Time: March 22, 2017 5:48 PM
> From: bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
> To: bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
>
> Hi Tim,
> After writing this I figured that it was probably not evident at first
> sight as the concept may be quite novel. The physical location of the
> "miner" is indeed irrelevant, I am referring to the digital location.
> Bitcoins blockchain is a digital location or better digital "space".
> As far as I am concerned the authority lies with whoever governs this
> particular block space. A "miner" can, or can not, include my
> transaction.
>
> To make this more understandable:
>
> Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi can extend his caliphate into Bitcoins block
> space and rule sovereign(!) over a given block. If he processes my
> transaction my fee goes directly into the coffers of his organization.
> The same goes for the Queen of England or the Emperor of China. My
> interest is not necessarily aligned with each specific authority, yet
> as you point out, I can only not use Bitcoin.
> Alternatively, however, I can very well sign my transaction and send
> it to an authority of my choosing to be included into the ledger, say
> BitFurry. - This is what I describe in option 1.
>
> In order to protect my interest I do need to choose, maybe not today,
> but eventually.
>
> I also think that people do care who processes transactions and a lot
> of bickering could be spared if we could choose.
>
> If we assume a perfectly competitive market with 3 authorities that
> govern the block space equally, the marginal cost of 1/3 of the block
> space is the same for each, however, the marginal revenue absent of
> block rewards is dependent on fees.
> If people are willing to pay only a zero fee to a specific authority
> while a fee greater than zero to the others it's clear that one would
> be less competitive.
>
> Let us assume the fees are 10% of the revenue and the cost is 95 we
> have currently the following situation:
>
> A: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
> B: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
> C: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
>
> With transaction tiering, the outcome could be different!
>
> A: Cost=95; Revenue=90; Loss=5 // BSA that does not respect user interest.
> B: Cost=95; Revenue=105; Profit=10
> C: Cost=95; Revenue=105; Profit=10
>
> This could motivate transaction processors to behave in accordance
> with user interest, or am I missing something?
>
> Best Regards,
> Martin
>
>> From: Tim Ruffing <tim.ruffing at mmci.uni-saarland.de>
>> To: bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
>> Cc:
>> Bcc:
>> Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2017 16:18:26 +0100
>> Subject: Re: [bitcoin-dev] Inquiry: Transaction Tiering
>> (I'm not a lawyer...)
>>
>> I'm not sure if I can make sense of your email.
>>
>> On Mon, 2017-03-20 at 20:12 +0000, Martin Stolze via bitcoin-dev wrote:
>>> As a participant in the economy in general and of Bitcoin in
>>> particular, I desire an ability to decide where I transact. The
>>> current state of Bitcoin does not allow me to choose my place of
>>> business. As a consequence, I try to learn what would be the best way
>>> to conduct my business in good faith. [2]
>>
>> Ignoring the rest, I don't think that the physical location /
>> jurisdiction of the miner has any legal implications for law applicable
>> to the relationship between sender and receiver of a payment.
>>
>> This is not particular to Bitcoin. We're both in Germany (I guess).
>> Assume we have a contract without specific agreements and I pay you in
>> Icelandic kronur via PayPal (in Luxembourg) and my HTTPS requests to
>> PayPal went via Australia and the US. Then German law applies to our
>> contract, nothing in the middle can change that.
>>
>> Also ignoring possible security implications, there is just no need for
>> a mechanism that enables users to select miners. I claim that almost
>> nobody cares who will mine a transaction, because it makes no technical
>> difference. If you don't want a specific miner to mine your
>> transaction, then don't use Bitcoin.
>>
>> Tim
> _______________________________________________
> bitcoin-dev mailing list
> bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
>
>

2023-06-07 17:57:29

- reply

📅 Original date posted:2017-03-29
📝 Original message:Ignoring your contradiction of the political and economical. Your
conception holds under the presupposition that all action of
hash-power is motivated by 'rational' economic interest. Specifically
a very strict distinction between the profitable and the unprofitable;
namely to include transactions based on "business incentive",
presumably on-chain fees.
I am afraid that this conception is a rickety crutch, unfit to
navigate current reality.
On Wed, Mar 29, 2017 at 10:04 AM, Tom Zander <tomz at freedommail.ch> wrote:
> On Monday, 20 March 2017 21:12:36 CEST Martin Stolze via bitcoin-dev wrote:
>> Background: The current protocol enables two parties to transact
>> freely, however, transaction processors (block generators) have the
>> authority to discriminate participants arbitrarily.
>
> Nag; they don’t have any authority.
>
>> This is well known
>> and it is widely accepted that transaction processors may take
>> advantage of this with little recourse. It is the current consensus
>> that the economic incentives in form of transaction fees are
>> sufficient because the transaction processing authorities are assumed
>> to be guided by the growth of Bitcoin and the pursuit of profit.
>
> This is not the case, it misunderstands Bitcoin and specifically is
> misunderstands that Bitcoin is distributed and decentralized.
>
> What you call “block generators” or “transaction processors” are in reality
> called miners and they don’t have any authority to mine or not mine certain
> transactions. All they have is a business incentive to mine or not mine a
> certain transaction.
> This is a crucial distinction as that makes it a economical decision, not a
> political.
>
> The massive distribution of miners creating blocks means that one miner is
> free to add his political agenda. They can choose to not mine any satoshi-
> dice transactions, should they want. But they can’t stop other miners from
> mining those transactions anyway, and as such this is not a political move
> that has any effect whatsoever, at the end of the day it is just an
> economcal decision.
>
> The rest of your email is based on this misconception as well, and therefore
> the above answers your question.
> --
> Tom Zander
> Blog: https://zander.github.io
> Vlog: https://vimeo.com/channels/tomscryptochannel

2023-06-07 17:57:29

- reply

📅 Original date posted:2017-03-22
📝 Original message:Hi Tim,
After writing this I figured that it was probably not evident at first
sight as the concept may be quite novel. The physical location of the
"miner" is indeed irrelevant, I am referring to the digital location.
Bitcoins blockchain is a digital location or better digital "space".
As far as I am concerned the authority lies with whoever governs this
particular block space. A "miner" can, or can not, include my
transaction.
To make this more understandable:
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi can extend his caliphate into Bitcoins block
space and rule sovereign(!) over a given block. If he processes my
transaction my fee goes directly into the coffers of his organization.
The same goes for the Queen of England or the Emperor of China. My
interest is not necessarily aligned with each specific authority, yet
as you point out, I can only not use Bitcoin.
Alternatively, however, I can very well sign my transaction and send
it to an authority of my choosing to be included into the ledger, say
BitFurry. - This is what I describe in option 1.
In order to protect my interest I do need to choose, maybe not today,
but eventually.
I also think that people do care who processes transactions and a lot
of bickering could be spared if we could choose.
If we assume a perfectly competitive market with 3 authorities that
govern the block space equally, the marginal cost of 1/3 of the block
space is the same for each, however, the marginal revenue absent of
block rewards is dependent on fees.
If people are willing to pay only a zero fee to a specific authority
while a fee greater than zero to the others it's clear that one would
be less competitive.
Let us assume the fees are 10% of the revenue and the cost is 95 we
have currently the following situation:
A: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
B: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
C: Cost=95; Revenue=100; Profit=5
With transaction tiering, the outcome could be different!
A: Cost=95; Revenue=90; Loss=5 // BSA that does not respect user interest.
B: Cost=95; Revenue=105; Profit=10
C: Cost=95; Revenue=105; Profit=10
This could motivate transaction processors to behave in accordance
with user interest, or am I missing something?
Best Regards,
Martin
> From: Tim Ruffing <tim.ruffing at mmci.uni-saarland.de>
> To: bitcoin-dev at lists.linuxfoundation.org
> Cc:
> Bcc:
> Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2017 16:18:26 +0100
> Subject: Re: [bitcoin-dev] Inquiry: Transaction Tiering
> (I'm not a lawyer...)
>
> I'm not sure if I can make sense of your email.
>
> On Mon, 2017-03-20 at 20:12 +0000, Martin Stolze via bitcoin-dev wrote:
>> As a participant in the economy in general and of Bitcoin in
>> particular, I desire an ability to decide where I transact. The
>> current state of Bitcoin does not allow me to choose my place of
>> business. As a consequence, I try to learn what would be the best way
>> to conduct my business in good faith. [2]
>
> Ignoring the rest, I don't think that the physical location /
> jurisdiction of the miner has any legal implications for law applicable
> to the relationship between sender and receiver of a payment.
>
> This is not particular to Bitcoin. We're both in Germany (I guess).
> Assume we have a contract without specific agreements and I pay you in
> Icelandic kronur via PayPal (in Luxembourg) and my HTTPS requests to
> PayPal went via Australia and the US. Then German law applies to our
> contract, nothing in the middle can change that.
>
> Also ignoring possible security implications, there is just no need for
> a mechanism that enables users to select miners. I claim that almost
> nobody cares who will mine a transaction, because it makes no technical
> difference. If you don't want a specific miner to mine your
> transaction, then don't use Bitcoin.
>
> Tim

2023-06-07 17:57:28

- reply

📅 Original date posted:2017-03-20
📝 Original message:Hi Team,
I would like to find out what the current consensus on transaction tiering is.
Background: The current protocol enables two parties to transact
freely, however, transaction processors (block generators) have the
authority to discriminate participants arbitrarily. This is well known
and it is widely accepted that transaction processors may take
advantage of this with little recourse. It is the current consensus
that the economic incentives in form of transaction fees are
sufficient because the transaction processing authorities are assumed
to be guided by the growth of Bitcoin and the pursuit of profit.
We can establish that a transaction processing authority does not need
to actually process transactions and reigns sovereign over the block
space they govern. [1] For further discussion I will refer to a
transaction processor more aptly as "Block Space Authority" (BSA).
Currently, a user can only signal to all BSA’s (via the mempool) its
desire to include her transaction into the ledger. A user can not
signal to specific BSA’s, and thus, can not easily carry out business
in jurisdictions that conform to the users understanding of best
practice.
As a participant in the economy in general and of Bitcoin in
particular, I desire an ability to decide where I transact. The
current state of Bitcoin does not allow me to choose my place of
business. As a consequence, I try to learn what would be the best way
to conduct my business in good faith. [2]
I have certain minimum requirements towards the constitution of the
block space like transparency, forward guidance and risk management.
More poignantly, it could also include due diligence to ensure that
child labor is not involved in the maintenance of a specific block
space, or that the specific block space does not utilize nuclear
energy or sources at least 80% of the expended energy from solar
power. Obviously, preferences can vary widely.
I don’t think there is any way to discard the desire of users to
choose their place of business, especially under the consideration
that BSA’s have the discretion to choose users transactions already.
I have identified the following options along the lines of Lawrence
Lessig's concept of Cyberspace: [3]
1. Law: Bilateral Agreement
Users engage directly with BSA’s to process their transaction.
Transactions are routed around the mempool. A likely outcome of this
solution is the emergence of brokers that sell off block space in a
sort of secondary market. Wallets may negotiate on behalf of their
users. This model has obvious downsides as it involves new middlemen,
increases transaction cost beyond the current market price
(speculation) and potentially reduces performance.
2. Architecture: Remove transaction fees
If only the block reward functions to incentivise transaction
processing, no differentiation is useful. However, spam/empty blocks
could not be prevented and Bitcoin would have to be entirely
redesigned, potentially losing its censorship resistance.
3. Market: Direct Communication
Through the core client, BSA’s can offer individual mempools that
users can choose to advertise their transactions to. Different BSA’s
could receive different transaction fees for the same transaction in
their respective mempool to reflect the preference of the user.
In Conclusion: In the long term, it is likely that a clearer
differentiation of BSA’s will become important. Today, BSA’s
communicate rarely and it appears that their raison d'etre is not
necessarily motivated by good faith towards Bitcoin as a whole. [4] As
we move forward it is not just important to attract opportunistic
players that win an individual game but good players that are invited
to play again in order to win a set of all possible games.
BSA’s establish their authority on cheap access to capital in the form
of electricity and hardware and the consent and trust of users who
expect BSA's to respect and maintain the ledgers integrity.
In 3 to 8 years, when Bitcoin leaves it’s bootstrapping phase, the
incentives will squarely fall on the later. [5] Subsequently it seems
prudent to allow BSA’s to compete for business on other factors than
price.
Hence my question: What is the current stance of core developers
regarding the facilitation of direct communication between users and
BSA’s, possibly through a transaction tiering model?
Sincerely,
Martin Stolze
[1] BSA rules sovereign: (https://twitter.com/JihanWu/status/704476839566135298)
[2] No direct attribution but solid foundation for business logic
since 1899: §242 ff BGB
(https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html#p0726)
[3] Lessig, Code. "And Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0." (2006).
[4] The pursuit of profit can come at the expense of Bitcoin:
(https://twitter.com/ToneVays/status/835233366203072513)
[5] Satoshi Nakamoto: "Once a predetermined number of coins have
entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to
transaction fees [...]"